How to Get Free Essays Without Submitting

Entries and relative size According to the publishers, it would come upon a individual person 120 age to type the 59 million lecture of the OED irregular variate, 60 years to proof subscribe it, and 540 megabytes to store it electronically. 4 As of 30 November 2005, the Oxford position dictionary contained approximately 301,100 main entries. gearing the entry head run-in, there atomic image 18 157,000 bold-type combinations and derivatives 169,000 italicized-bold phrases and combinations 616,500 al-Quran-forms in full, including 137,000 pronunciations 249,300 etymologies 577,000 cross-references and 2,412,400 usage book of factss.The mental lexicons latest, complete bring out edition (Second adaptation, 1989) was printed in 20 volumes, comprising 291,500 entries in 21,730 pages. The longest entry in the OED2 was for the verb set, which required 60,000 row to give away some 430 senses. As entries began to be revise for the OED3 in grade scratch from M, the longest entry became defend in 2000, then put in 2007. 5 Despite its impressive size, the OED is neither the worlds largest nor earliest vocabulary. The Dutch vocabulary Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal, which has standardized aims to the OED, is the largest and it took twice as long to complete.The earliest large dictionary is the Grimm brothers dictionary of the German nomenclature, begun in 1838 and completed in 1961. The initiative edition of the Vocabolario degli Accademici della Crusca, which is the root great dictionary devoted to a refreshed-make European language (Italian), was create in 1612 the set-back edition of Dictionnaire de lAcademie francaise dates from 1694. The commencement ceremony edition of the semi reservoiritative dictionary of Spanish, the Diccionario de la lengua espanola (produced, edited, and publish by the Real Academia Espanola) was make in 1780.The Kangxi dictionary of Chinese was promulgated tear down prior, in 1716. The OEDs official pol icy is to attempt to record a paroles or so-k todayn usages and chance variables in all varieties of side of meat past and present, worldwide. Per the 1933 Preface The aim of this vocabulary is to present in alphabetical series the haggling that halt formed the incline vocabulary from the beat of the earliest records ca. AD740 down to the present day, with all the relevant facts concerning their form, sense- narrative, pronunciation, and etymology.It embraces non except the standard language of literature and conversation, whether current at the moment, or obsolete, or archaic, but similarly the main technical vocabulary, and a large footprint of dialectal usage and slang. It continues Hence we exclude all members that had become obsolete by 1150 the end of the Old position era Dialectal words and forms which occur since 1500 atomic number 18 not admitted, except when they continue the history of the word or sense once in familiar delectation, illust range the history of a word, or have themselves a certain literary currency. The OED is the reduce of much profound work well-nigh side words.Its headword variant spellings order list influences written side of meat in side of meat-speaking countries. citation needed edit account statement edit Origins At first, the dictionary was unconnected to Oxford University but was the idea of a weensy group of intellectuals in London6 it maestroly was a Philological club project conceived in London by Richard Chenevix trespass, Herbert Coleridge, and Frederick Furnivall, who were dissatisfied with the current English dictionaries. In June 1857, they formed an Unregistered linguistic communication Committee to search for otc and undefined words lacking in current dictionaries.In November, trenchs circulate was not a list of unregistered words instead, it was the study On virtually Deficiencies in our English Dictionaries, which identified septet distinct shortcomings in contemporary dicti onaries Incomplete coverage of obsolete words Inconsistent coverage of families of related words Incorrect dates for earliest engagement of words score of obsolete senses of words often omitted Inadequate distinction among synonyms Insufficient custom of good illustrative quotations S ill-treat wasted on inappropriate or redundant field.The Philological party, however, ultimately effectd that the number of unlisted words would be far to a greater extent than the number of words in the English dictionaries of the 19th century. The fraternity eventually shifted their idea from only words that were not already in English dictionaries to a more comprehensive project. Trench suggested that a in the buff, truly comprehensive dictionary was needed. On 7 January 1858, the Society formally adopted the idea of a comprehensive smart dictionary. 7 tender go overers would be assigned particular books, copying passages illustrating word usage onto quotation slips.In 1858, the Society agreed to the project in pattern, with the title A newly English vocabulary on Historical Principles (NED). edit Early editors Richard Chenevix Trench played the key role in the projects first months, but his ecclesiastic carg nonpareilr meant that he could not give the dictionary project the age required, easily ten yearscitation needed he withdrew, and Herbert Coleridge became the first editor. Frederick Furnivall, 18251910On 12 May 1860, Coleridges dictionary plan was published, and research started. His ho practice was the first editorial office.He arrayed 100,000 quotation slips in a 54-pigeon-hole grid. In April 1861, the group published the first sample pages later that month, the thirty- unmatched-year old Coleridge died of tuberculosis. Furnivall then became editor he was spirited and k instantlyledgeable, yet temperamentally ill-suited for the work. 8 Many force volunteer readers eventually lost drug abuse up in the project as Furnivall failed to keep them mot ivated. justmore, galore(postnominal) of the slips had been misplaced. Recruited subordinates handled 2 rafts of quotation slips and other signifi assts.Furnivall understood the need for an efficient excerpting system, and instituted several preceding(prenominal) projects. In 1864, he founded the Early English textbook edition Society, and in 1868, he founded the Chaucer Society for preparing general benefit editions of immediate value to the dictionary project. The digest outliveed 21 years. citation needed In the 1870s, Furnivall unsuccessfully attempted to recruit both enthalpy Sweet and enthalpy Nicol to succeed him. He then costed James Murray, who original the post of editor. In the late 1870s, Furnivall and Murray met with several publishers about publishing the dictionary.In 1878, Oxford University fight agreed with Murray to proceed with the massive project the agreement was declare the by-line year. 9 The dictionary project finally had a publisher 20 years a fter the idea was conceived. It would be another 50 years before the entire dictionary was complete. Despite the participation of some 800 volunteer readers, the technology of paper-and-ink was the major drawback regarding the arbitrary choices of relatively untrained volunteers about what to read and select and what to discard. cite this quoteclarification needed Late in his editorship Murray learned that champion prolific reader W.C. low was a criminal lunatic. 10 Minor, a Yale University trained surgeon and military officer in the U. S. Civil War, was confined to Broadmoor Asylum for the Criminally around the bend after killing a man in London. The story of Minor and Murray is told in Simon Winchesters The prof and the Madman A Tale of Murder, Insanity, and the Making of the Oxford English lexicon11 (U. S. title elsewhere The Surgeon of Crowthorne a tale of murder, madness and the relish of words). Minor invented his own quotation-tracking system allowing him to submit slip s on specific words in response to editors requests. edit Oxford editors James Murray in the Scriptorium at Banbury RoadDuring the 1870s, the Philological Society was concerned with the process of publishing a dictionary with such(prenominal) an large scope. Although they had pages printed by publishers, no publication agreement was r to each oneed both the Cambridge University wad and the Oxford University Press were approached. Finally, in 1879, after two years negotiating by Sweet, Furnivall, and Murray, the OUP agreed to publish the dictionary and to pay the editor, Murray, who was also the Philological Society president.The dictionary was to be published as interval fascicles, with the final form in four 6,400-page volumes. They hoped to address the project in ten years. Murray started the project, working in a corrugate iron outbuilding, the Scriptorium, which was lined with wooden planks, book shelves, and 1,029 pigeon-holes for the quotation slips. He introduce and rega thered Furnivalls collection of quotation slips, which were found to concentrate on rare, inte shacking words rather than common usages for instance, there were ten times as many quotations for abusion than for abuse. citation needed Through parolepapers distributed to bookshops and libraries, he appealed for readers who would report as many quotations as you can for ordinary words and for words that were rare, obsolete, old-fashioned, new, peculiar or utilize in a peculiar way. cite this quote Murray had American philologist and liberal-arts-college professor Francis litigate manage the collection in North America 1,000 quotation slips arrived day-after-day to the Scriptorium, and by 1882, there were 3,500,000.The first vocabulary fascicle was published on 1 February 1884-twenty-three years after Coleridges sample pages. The full title was A new English Dictionary on Historical Principles Founded Mainly on the Materials Collected by The Philological Society the 352-page volum e, words from A to Ant, embody 12s. 6d or U. S. $3. 25. The total sales were a disap braining 4,000 copies. citation needed The OUP saw it would take too long to complete the work with un rewrite editorial arrangements. Accordingly, new assistants were rentd and two new demands were made on Murray.The first was that he move from Mill Hill to Oxford he did, in 1885. Murray had his Scriptorium re-erected on his new property. The 78 Banbury Road, Oxford, house, erstwhile residence of James Murray, Editor of the Oxford English DictionaryMurray resisted the second demand that if he could not meet schedule, he must hire a second, senior editor to work in parallel to him, extraneous his supervision, on words from elsewhere in the alphabet. Murray did not want to dole out the work, feeling he would accelerate his work pace with experience. citation needed That sullen out not to be so, and Philip Gell of the OUP forced the promotion of Murrays assistant Henry Bradley (hired by Murray in 1884), who worked independently in the British Museum in London, opening in 1888. In 1896, Bradley moved to Oxford University. Gell continued harassing Murray and Bradley with his business concernscontaining costs and prompt productionto the point where the projects collapse watch outmed likely. Newspapersspecify reported the harassment, and public opinion okay the editors.Gell was fired, and the University reversed his cost policies. If the editors felt that the Dictionary would have to grow larger, it would it was an authorized work, and worth the time and money to properly finish. Neither Murray nor Bradley lived to see it. Murray died in 1915, having been responsible for(p) for words get-go with A-D, H-K, O-P and T, nearly half the finished dictionary Bradley died in 1923, having completed E-G, L-M, S-Sh, St and W-We. By then two additional editors had been promoted from assistant work to independent work, continuing without much trouble.William Craigie, starting in 1901 , was responsible for N, Q-R, Si-Sq, U-V and Wo-Wy. Whereas previously the OUP had thought London too far from Oxford, after 1925 Craigie worked on the dictionary in Chicago, where he was a professor. The fourth editor was C. T. Onions, who, starting in 1914, compiled the remaining ranges, Su-Sz, Wh-Wo and X-Z. It was around this time that J. R. R. Tolkien was employed by the OED, researching etymologies of the wit to Warlock range 12 he parodied the principal editors as The Four Wise Clerks of Oxenford in the story Farmer Giles of Ham.Julian Barnes also was an employee he was saidwho? to dislike the work. edit Fascicles By early 1894 a total of 11 fascicles had been published, or about one per year four for A-B, five for C, and two for E. Of these, eight were 352 pages long, while the last one in each group was shorter to end at the letter break (which would eventually become a volume break). At this point it was decided to publish the work in smaller and more habitual instalmen ts once every three months, beginning in 1895, there would now be a fascicle of 4 pages, priced at 2s. 6d. or $1 U. S. If enough material was ready, 128 or even 192 pages would be published together. This pace was maintained until World War I forced reducings in staff. distributively time enough consecutive pages were open, the same material was also published in the original larger fascicles. Also in 1895, the title Oxford English Dictionary (OED) was first apply. It then appeared only on the outer covers of the fascicles the original title was still the official one and was used everywhere else.The hundred-and-twenty-fifth and last fascicle, covering words from Wise to the end of W, was published on 19 April 1928, and the full Dictionary in bound volumes followed immediately. The early modern English prose of Sir Thomas Browne is probably the most frequently quoted computing device address of neologisms in the completed dictionary. William Shakespeare is the most-quoted write r, with Hamlet his most-quoted work. George Eliot (Mary Ann Evans) is the most-quoted woman writer. Collectively, the Bible is the most-quoted work (but in many different translations) the most-quoted single work is Cursor Mundi. edit Oxford English Dictionary and First Supplement Between 1928 and 1933 enough additional material had been compiled to make a one volume accoutrement so the dictionary was reissued as the set of 12 volumes and a one-volume add on in 1933. edit Second Supplement and Second Edition In 1933 Oxford had finally put the Dictionary to rest all work ended, and the quotation slips went into storage. However, the English language continued to change, and by the time 20 years had passed, the Dictionary was outdated.There were three potential ways to update it. The cheapest would have been to leave the existing work merely and simply compile a new supplement of perhaps one or two volumes but then anyone looking for a word or sense and unsure of its age would have to look in three different places. The most convenient choice for the user would have been for the entire dictionary to be re-edited and retypeset, with each change included in its proper alphabetical place but this would have been the most dearly-won option, with perhaps 15 volumes required to be produced.The OUP chose a middle approach combining the new material with the existing supplement to form a larger replacement supplement. Robert Burchfield was hired in 1957 to edit the second supplement Onions, who turned 84 that year, was still able to make some contributions as well. Burchfield emphasized the inclusion of modern-day language, and through the supplement the dictionary was grow to include a wealth of new words from the burgeoning fields of scholarship and technology, as well as popular culture and colloquial speech.Burchfield also broadened the scope to include developments of the language in English-speaking regions beyond the unite Kingdom, including North America , Australia, New Zealand, sulfur Africa, India, Pakistan, and the Caribbean. The work was expected to take seven to ten years. citation needed It actually took 29 years, by which time the new supplement (OEDS) had grown to four volumes, starting with A, H, O and Sea. They were published in 1972, 1976, 1982, and 1986 respectively, take the complete dictionary to 16 volumes, or 17 counting the first supplement.By this time it was clear that the full text of the Dictionary would now need to be computerized. Achieving this would require retyping it once, but thereafter it would always be openingible for computer searching as well as for whatsoever new editions of the dictionary might be desired, starting with an integration of the supplemental volumes and the main text. Preparation for this process began in 1983, and editorial work started the following year under the administrative direction of Timothy J. Benbow, with John A. Simpson and Edmund S. C. Weiner as co-editors.Editing an entry of the NOED using LEXXAnd so the New Oxford English Dictionary (NOED) project began. More than 120 keyboarders of the International Computaprint Corporation in Tampa, Florida, and castle Washington, Pennsylvania, USA, started keying in over 350,000,000 characters, their work checked by 55 proof-readers in England. Retyping the text alone was not sufficient all the information represented by the complex typography of the original dictionary had to be retained, which was make by marking up the content in SGML. A specialise search engine and display software were also needed to access it.Under a 1985 agreement, some of this software work was done at the University of Waterloo, Canada, at the Centre for the New Oxford English Dictionary, led by pawl Tompa and Gaston Gonnet this search technology went on to become the basis for the Open Text Corporation. Computer hardware, database and other software, development managers, and programmers for the project were donated by the British subordinate word of IBM the colour syntax-directed editor for the project, LEXX, was written by Mike Cowlishaw of IBM. 13 The University of Waterloo, in Canada, volunteered to excogitation the database. A.Walton Litz, an English professor at Princeton University who served on the Oxford University Press advisory council, was quoted in Time as saying Ive never been associated with a project, Ive never even heard of a project, that was so incredibly complicated and that met every deadline. 14 By 1989 the NOED project had achieved its primary goals, and the editors, working online, had successfully combined the original text, Burchfields supplement, and a small amount of newer material, into a single unified dictionary. The word new was again dropped from the name, and the Second Edition of the OED, or the OED2, was published.The first edition retronymically became the OED1. The OED2 was printed in 20 volumes. For the first time, there was no attempt to start them on letter boundaries, and they were made roughly equal in size. The 20 volumes started with A, B. B. C. , Cham, Creel, Dvandva, Follow, Hat, Interval, Look, Moul, Ow, Poise, Quemadero, Rob, Ser, Soot, Su, Thru, Unemancipated, and Wave. Although the content of the OED2 is mostly bonny a reorganization of the forward corpus, the retypesetting provided an opportunity for two long-needed format changes.The headword of each entry was no longer capital letterized, allowing the user to readily see those words that actually require a capital letter. Also, whereas Murray had devised his own notation for pronunciation, there being no standard procurable at the time, the OED2 adopted the modern International Phonetic Alphabet. Unlike the earlier edition, all foreign alphabets except Greek were transliterated. The British quiz manoeuvre Countdown has awarded the leather-bound complete discrepancy to the champions of each series since its inception in 1982. When the print version of the second editi on was published in 1989, the response was enthusiastic.The author Anthony Burgess declared it the greatest publishing event of the century, as quoted by Dan Fisher of the Los Angeles Times (25 border 1989). cite this quote TIME dubbed the book a scholarly Everest,14 and Richard Boston, writing for the London Guardian (24 ring 1989), called it one of the wonders of the world. cite this quote New material was published in the Oxford English Dictionary Additions Series, which consisted of two small volumes in 1993, and a third in 1997, bringing the dictionary to a total of 23 volumes.Each of the supplements added about 3,000 new definitions. However, no more Additions volumes are planned, and it is not expected that any part of the Third Edition, or OED3, leave alone be printed in fascicles. edit powder compact editions In 1971, the 13-volume OED1 (1933) was reprinted as a two-volume, Compact Edition, by photographically reducing each page to one-half its unidimensional dimensions each compact edition page held four OED1 pages in a four-up (4-up) format. The two volume letters were A and P the Supplement was at the second volumes end.The Compact Edition included, in a small slip-case drawer, a magnifying fruitcake to help in reading reduced type. Many copies were stingily distributed through book clubs. In 1987, the second Supplement was published as a third volume to the Compact Edition. In 1991, for the OED2, the compact edition format was re-sized to one-third of original linear dimensions, a nine-up (9-up) format requiring greater magnification, but allowing publication of a single-volume dictionary. It was accompanied by a agnifying glass as before and A Users Guide to the Oxford English Dictionary, by Donna Lee Berg. After these volumes were published, though, book club offers commonly continued to denounce the two-volume 1971 Compact Edition. edit Electronic versions A screenshot of the first version of the OED Second Edition CD-ROM software. Once the text of the dictionary was digitized and online, it was also available to be published on CD-ROM. The text of the First Edition was made available in 1988. Afterward, three versions of the second edition were issued. var. 1 (1992) was analogous in content to the printed Second Edition, and the CD itself was not copy-protected. Version 2 (1999) had some additions to the corpus, and updated software with improved searching features, but it had clumsy copy-protection that made it difficult to use and would even cause the program to deny use to OUP staff in the midst of demonstrating the product. citation needed Version 3. 0 was released in 2002 with additional words and software improvements, though its copy-protection remained as unforgiving as that of the earlier version.Version 3. 1. 1 (2007) includes a return to the less restrictive reputation of version 1, with support for hard disk installation, so that the user does not have to insert the CD to use the dictionary. It has b een reported that this version bequeath work on operating systems other than Microsoft Windows, using emulation programs. 1516 Version 4. 0 of the CD, available since June 2009, works with Windows 7 and, for the first time ever, with mackintosh OS X (10. 4 or later). 1718 This version volition use the CD drive for installation, running only from the hard drive.On 14 prove 2000, the Oxford English Dictionary Online (OED Online) became available to subscribers. 19 The online database contains the entire OED2 and is updated quarterly with revisions that ordain be included in the OED3 (see below). The online edition is the most up-to-date version of the dictionary available. Whilst the OED web site is not optimised for mobile devices, they have give tongue to that there are plans to provide an API which would enable developers to develop different interfaces for querying the OED. 20 As the price for an individual to use this edition, even after a reduction in 2004, is ? 95 or US$29 5 every year, most subscribers are large organizations such as universities. Some of them do not use the Oxford English Dictionary Online portal and have legally downloaded the entire database into their organizations computers. citation needed Some public libraries and companies have subscribed as well, including, in March and April 2006, most public libraries in England, Wales, and New Zealand212223 any person belonging to a library subscribing to the service is able to use the service from their own home. other method of payment was introduced in 2004, offering residents of North or South America the opportunity to pay US$29. 95 a month to access the online site. edit Third Edition The planned Third Edition, or OED3, is think as a nearly complete overhaul of the work. Each word is being examined and revised to improve the accuracy of the definitions, derivations, pronunciations, and historical quotationsa delegate requiring the efforts of a staff consisting of more than 300 sch olars, researchers, readers, and consultants, and projected to cost about $55 million.The result is expected to double the overall length of the text. The modality of the dictionary will also change slightly. The original text was more literary, in that most of the quotations were taken from novels, plays, and other literary sources. The new edition, however, will reference all manner of printed resources, such as cookbooks, wills, technical manuals, medical specialist journals, and rock lyrics. The pace of inclusion of new words has been increased to the rate of about 4,000 a year.The estimated date of completion is 2037. 2425 New content can be inspected through the OED Online or on the periodically updated CD-ROM edition. As of 1993, John Simpson is the Chief Editor. Since the first work by each editor tends to require more revision than his later, more polished work, (work on the first edition was begun at A) it was decided to balance out this effect, by performing the early, and perhaps itself less polished, work of the current revision at a letter other than A.Accordingly, the main work of the OED3 has been proceeding in sequence from the letter M. When the OED Online was launched in March 2000, it included the first batch of revised entries (officially described as draft entries), stretching from M to mahurat, and successive sections of text have since been released on a quarterly basis by March 2010, the revised section had reached Rg. As new work is done on words in other parts of the alphabet, this is also included in each quarterly release.In March 2008, the editors announced that they would alternate each quarter between moving forward in the alphabet as before and updating key English words from across the alphabet, on with the other words which make up the alphabetical cluster surround them. The production of the new edition takes full advantage of computers, particularly since the June 2005 inauguration of the whimsically named Perfect All -Singing All-Dancing Editorial and Notation Application, or Pasadena. With this XML-based system, the maintenance of lexicographers can be directed more to matters of content than to presentation issues such as the numbering of definitions. The new system has also simplified the use of the quotations database, and enabled staff in New York to work directly on the Dictionary in the same way as their Oxford-based counterparts. 26 Other important computer uses include internet searches for evidence of current usage, and e-mail submissions of quotations by readers and the general public.Wordhunt was a 2005 appeal to the general public for help in providing citations for 50 selected recent words, and produced antedatings for many. The results were reported in a BBC TV series, Balderdash and Piffle. The OEDs small army of devoted readers continue to contribute quotations the department shortly receives about 200,000 a year. edit Spelling Main article Oxford spelling The OED lists British headword spellings (e. g. labour, centre) with variants following (labor, center, etc. ). For the suffix more commonly spell -ise in British English, OUP policy dictates a preference for the spelling -ize, e. . realize vs realise and globalization vs globalisation. The rationale is partly linguistic, that the English suffix mainly derives from the Greek suffix - , (-izo), or the Latin -izare however, -ze is also an Americanism insofar as the -ze suffix has crept into words where it did not originally belong, as with analyse (British English), which is spell analyze in American English. 27 See also -ise/-ize at American and British English spelling differences. The sentence The group analysed labour statistics published by the organization is an example of OUP practice.This spelling (indicated with the registered IANA language tag en-GB-oed) is used by the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, the International Organization for Standardization, and many British academic p ublications, such as Nature, the Biochemical Journal, and The Times literary Supplement. edit Criticisms Despite its claim of authoritycitation needed on the English language, the Oxford English Dictionary has been criticised from miscellaneous angles. Indeed, it has become a target precisely because of its massiveness, its claims to authority, and, above all, its influence.In his review of the 1982 supplement, University of Oxford linguist Roy Harris writes that criticizing the OED is extremely difficult because one is dealing not just with a dictionary but with a national institution, one that has become, like the English monarchy, virtually immune from criticism in principle. 28 Harris also criticises what he sees as the black-and-white lexicography of the Dictionary, by which he core its reliance upon printed language over spokenand then only permit forms of printing. He further notes that, while neologisms from respected literary authors such as Samuel Beckett and VirginiaWo olf are included, usage of words in newspapers or other, less adept, sources hold less sway, although they may be commonly used. 28 In contrast, Tim Bray, co-creator of protractible Markup diction (XML), credits the OED as the developing inspiration of that markup language. Similarly, the author Anu Garg, sacrifice of Wordsmith. org, has called the Oxford English Dictionary a lex icon. 29 edit See also Canadian Oxford Dictionary Compact Oxford English Dictionary of Current English Concise Oxford English Dictionary New Oxford American Dictionary Oxford Advanced Learners DictionaryOxford Dictionary of English Shorter Oxford English Dictionary edit Notes OED2 from Amazon. com Oxford University Press OED is through Rg from the official OED website OED Facts http//www. oed. com/news/updates/revisions0712. html Winchester, Simon (1999). The Professor and the Madman. New York HarperPernnial. pp. 103104, 112. ISBN 0-06-083978-3. Winchester, Simon (1999). The Professor and the Ma dman. New York HarperPernnial. pp. 107108. ISBN 0-06-083978-3. Winchester, Simon (1999). The Professor and the Madman. New York HarperPernnial. pp. 110. ISBN 0-06-083978-3. Winchester, Simon (1999). The Professor and the Madman. New York HarperPernnial. pp. 111112. ISBN 0-06-083978-3. Winchester, Simon (1999). The Professor and the Madman. New York HarperPernnial. p. xiii. ISBN 0-06-083978-3. Winchester, Simon (1999). The Professor and the Madman. New York HarperPernnial. ISBN 0-06-083978-3. OED Contributors Tolkien LEXX A programmable structured editor, Cowlishaw, M. F. , IBM Journal of Research and Development, Vol 31, No. 1, 1987, IBM Reprint order number G322-0151 a b Paul Gray, A Scholarly Everest Gets braggart(a)ger, Time, 27 March 1989. R. J. Holmgren, v3. x under Mac OS X and Linux, last revised 22 March 2008. Accessed 19 April 2008 Bernie from ELearnAid. com, Oxford English Dictionary News, 6 May 2004. Accessed 19 April 2008 Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd Edition, Version 4. 0 (Windows & Mac). http//www. amazon. com/Oxford-English-Dictionary-Version-Windows/dp/0199563837/. Mac Compatibility. http//www. oup. co. uk/ep/cdroms/oed/oed2v3_11/4. Juliet New (22 March 2000). The worlds greatest dictionary goes online. Ariadne (23). ISSN 1361-3200. http//www. ariadne. ac. k/issue23/oed-online/. Retrieved 18 March 2007. , Looking Forward to an Oxford English Dictionary API. http//blog. webometrics. org. uk/2009/08/looking-forward-to-oxford-english. html. Oxford Online in English human beings Libraries. http//www. oup. com/online/englishpubliclibraries/. New Zealand procurement. http//epic. org. nz/nl/Procurement. html. OED on-line New Zealand. http//epic. org. nz/nl/oup. htmloed. Stephanie Willen Brown, From Unregistered Words to OED3, CogSci Librarian, 23 August 2007. Accessed 23 October 2007. Simon Winchester.History of the Oxford English Dictionary TVOntario Big Ideas. (27 May 2007). Podcast accessed on 1 December 2007. Liz Thompson (Dec ember 2005). Pasadena A Brand New System for the OED (PDF). Oxford English Dictionary News (Oxford University Press) p. 4. http//oed. com/pdfs/oed-news-2005-12. pdf. Retrieved 15 March 2007. http//www. askoxford. com/asktheexperts/faq/aboutspelling/ize? view=get a b Harris 1982, p. 935. Globe & Mail edit References Creaser, Wanda. Review of Willinsky, John, imperium of Words The Reign of the Oxford English Dictionary.Rocky Mountain Review of Language and Literature 501 (1996) 108109. JSTOR. 7 April 2008. 1 Harris, Roy (3 September 1982). The History work force. Times Literary Supplement 935936. Gleick, James (5 November 2006). Cyber-Neologoliferation. The New York Times Magazine. edit Further reading Caught in the Web of Words J. A. H. Murray and the Oxford English Dictionary, by K. M. Elisabeth Murray, Oxford University Press and Yale University Press, 1977 new edition 2001, Yale University Press, trade paperback, ISBN 0-300-08919-8.Empire of Words The Reign of the Oxford Engli sh Dictionary, by John Willinsky, Princeton University Press, 1995, hardcover, ISBN 0-691-03719-1. The Meaning of Everything The Story of the Oxford English Dictionary, Simon Winchester, Oxford University Press, 2003, hardcover, ISBN 0-19-860702-4. (UK title) The Surgeon of Crowthorne / (US title) The Professor and the Madman A Tale of Murder, Insanity, and the Making of The Oxford English Dictionary, by Simon Winchester see The Surgeon of Crowthorne for full details of the various editions.Lost for Words The privy History of the Oxford English Dictionary, by Lynda Mugglestone, Yale University Press, 2005, hardcover, ISBN 0-300-10699-8. The Ring of Words Tolkien and the Oxford English Dictionary, by Peter Gilliver, Jeremy Marshall, and Edmund Weiner, Oxford University Press, 2006, hardcover, ISBN 0-19-861069-6. Treasure-House of the Language the Living OED, Charlotte Brewer, Yale University Press, 2007, hardcover, ISBN 978-0-300-12429-3. Chasing the Sun Dictionary Makers and the Di ctionaries They Made, by Jonathon Green, Jonathan Cape, 1996, hardcover, ISBN 0-224-04010-3. edit outside links The Oxford English Dictionarys official website Archive of documents (as page images), including Trenchs original Deficiencies in our English Dictionaries paper Murrays original appeal for readers Their page of OED statistics, and another such page. Two sample pagesPDF (1. 54 MiB) from the OED. Examining the OED Charlotte Brewers analysis of the principles and practices used by OED editors Bibliography of critical assessments of OED or accounts of its history, from Examining the OED The OED Meets Cyberspace James Gleicks 2006 article.